NUMBER
|
NAME |
COMMENTS |
296
E296 |
Malic acid,
DL-Malic acid |
Derived from fruit or synthetic; infants and young children should avoid it. Found in potato snacks, confectionary, spaghetti sauce, frozen vegetables, tinned tomatoes.
TOP |
297
E297 |
Fumaric acid |
Derived from plants of the genus Fumaria esp. F.officianalis or from the fermentation of glucose with fungi; can be used to flavour, acidify, as an antioxidant or raising agent used in soft drinks and cake mixes. No known side effects.
TOP |
300
E300 |
Ascorbic acid |
Antioxidant, colour and preservative. Flour treating agent, 'vitamin C'; may be made synthetically from glucose, naturally occurs in fruit and vegetables; added to products as diverse as cured meat, breakfast cereals, frozen fish and wine.
Large doses can cause dental erosion, vomiting, diarrhoea dizziness, and could possibly cause kidney stones if more than 10g is taken. Should be taken under medical advice if suffering from kidney stones, gout or anaemia.
TOP |
301
E301 |
Sodium ascorbate |
Antioxidant, preservative and colour. Sodium salt of vitamin C. See 300.
TOP |
302
E301 |
Calcium ascorbate |
Vitamin C, may increase the formation of calcium axalate stones. See 300.
TOP |
303
E301 |
Potassium ascorbate |
Potassium salt of vitamin C. See 300.
TOP
|
304
E301 |
Ascorbyl palmitate, Ascorbyl stearate |
Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, same function as 300.
TOP |
306
E306 |
Tocopherols concentrate, mix |
Antioxidant and preservative. 'Vitamin E'. Found in many vegetable oils, including soy, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize; works as an antioxidant for fatty acids and tissue fats, preventing vitamin A from oxidation; used in margarine and salad dressings. Helps to supply oxygen to the muscles.
TOP |
307
E307 |
alpha-Tocopherol |
Antioxidant and preservative. 'Vitamin E'. Found in many vegetable oils, including soy, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize; works as an antioxidant for fatty acids and tissue fats, preventing vitamin A from oxidation; used in margarine and salad dressings. Helps to supply oxygen to the muscles.
TOP
|
308
E308 |
gamma-Tocopherol |
Antioxidant and preservative. 'Vitamin E'. Found in many vegetable oils, including soy, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize; works as an antioxidant for fatty acids and tissue fats, preventing vitamin A from oxidation; used in margarine and salad dressings. Helps to supply oxygen to the muscles.
TOP
|
309
E309 |
delta-Tocopherol |
Antioxidant and preservative. 'Vitamin E'. Found in many vegetable oils, including soy, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize; works as an antioxidant for fatty acids and tissue fats, preventing vitamin A from oxidation; used in margarine and salad dressings. Helps to supply oxygen to the muscles.
TOP |
310
E310 |
Propyl gallate |
Used to prevent rancidity in oily substances; derived from nutgalls; may cause gastric or skin irritation, gallates are not permitted in foods for infants and small children because of their known tendency to cause the blood disorder, methemoglobinemia; used in oils, margarine, lard and salad dressings, sometimes used in packaging.
TOP |
311
E311 |
Octyl gallate |
Used to prevent rancidity in oily substances; derived from nutgalls; may cause gastric or skin irritation, gallates are not permitted in foods for infants and small children because of their known tendency to cause the blood disorder, methemoglobinemia; used in oils, margarine, lard and salad dressings, sometimes used in packaging.
TOP |
312
E312 |
Dodecyl gallate |
Used to prevent rancidity in oily substances; derived from nutgalls; may cause gastric or skin irritation, gallates are not permitted in foods for infants and small children because of their known tendency to cause the blood disorder, methemoglobinemia; used in oils, margarine, lard and salad dressings, sometimes used in packaging.
TOP |
315
E315 |
Erythorbic acid |
Produced from sucrose. No know side effects.
TOP |
316
E316 |
Sodium erythorbate |
Produced from sucrose. No know side effects.
TOP |
317
E317 |
Erythorbic acid |
Produced from sucrose. No know side effects. Related to ascorbic acid but lacks any vitamin value. Found in frozen fish, preserved meat and fish, and other foods that use ascorbic acid.
TOP |
E318 |
Sodium erythorbate |
Sodium salt of 317. No know side effects.
TOP |
319
E319 |
tert-Butylhydroquinone |
Petroleum based; the HACSG* recommends to avoid it. May cause nausea, vomiting, delirium. A dose of 5g is considered fatal. Typical products are dairy blend edible fats and oils, margarine, dripping, salad dressing, lipsticks.
TOP |
320
E320 |
Butylated hydroxy-anisole (BHA) |
Petroleum derivative, retards spoilage due to oxidation; used in edible oils, chewing gum, fats, margarine, nuts, instant potato products, polyethylene food wraps; not permitted in infant foods, can provoke an allergic reaction in some people, may trigger hyperactivity and other intolerances; serious concerns over carcinogenicity and estrogenic effects, in large doses caused tumours in lab animals, banned in Japan in 1958, official committees of experts recommended that it be banned in the UK, however due to industry pressure it was not banned, McDonald's eliminated BHT from their US products by 1986.
TOP |
321
E321 |
Butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT) |
Petroleum derivative; see 320.
TOP |
322
E322@ |
Lecithin's |
Emulsifier derived from soy beans, eggs, peanuts, corn or animal resources; non toxic; used to allow combination of oils in margarine, chocolate, mayonnaise, milk powder, potato chips, puddings, breakfast cereals. Egg allergy.
TOP |
325@
E325 |
Sodium lactate |
Occurs naturally in sour milk, apples, tomatoes and molasses. Food acid, acidity regulator; produced by heating and fermenting carbohydrates in milk whey, potatoes, cornstarch or molasses; difficult for babies under 3 months old to metabolise; used in sweets, dressings, soft drinks (sometimes beer), infant formulas and confectionary.
Derived from milk (lactic acid); may contain pork rennin or whey in process, young children with lactose intolerance may show adverse reactions. Found in biscuits, cheese, confectionary, wide range of foods.
TOP |
326
E326@ |
Potassium lactate |
Occurs naturally in sour milk, apples, tomatoes and molasses. Food acid, acidity regulator; produced by heating and fermenting carbohydrates in milk whey, potatoes, cornstarch or molasses; difficult for babies under 3 months old to metabolise; used in sweets, dressings, soft drinks (sometimes beer), infant formulas and confectionary.
Derived from milk (lactic acid); may contain pork rennin or whey in process, young children with lactose intolerance may show adverse reactions. Found in biscuits, cheese, confectionary, wide range of foods. TOP |
327
E327@ |
Calcium lactate |
Occurs naturally in sour milk, apples, tomatoes and molasses. Food acid, acidity regulator; produced by heating and fermenting carbohydrates in milk whey, potatoes, cornstarch or molasses; difficult for babies under 3 months old to metabolise; used in sweets, dressings, soft drinks (sometimes beer), infant formulas and confectionary.
Derived from milk (lactic acid); may contain pork rennin or whey in process, young children with lactose intolerance may show adverse reactions. Found in biscuits, cheese, confectionary, wide range of foods. TOP |
328
E328@ |
Ammonium lactate |
Occurs naturally in sour milk, apples, tomatoes and molasses. Food acid, acidity regulator; produced by heating and fermenting carbohydrates in milk whey, potatoes, cornstarch or molasses; difficult for babies under 3 months old to metabolise; used in sweets, dressings, soft drinks (sometimes beer), infant formulas and confectionary.
Derived from milk (lactic acid); may contain pork rennin or whey in process, young children with lactose intolerance may show adverse reactions. Found in biscuits, cheese, confectionary, wide range of foods. TOP |
329
E329@ |
Magnesium lactate |
Occurs naturally in sour milk, apples, tomatoes and molasses. Food acid, acidity regulator; produced by heating and fermenting carbohydrates in milk whey, potatoes, cornstarch or molasses; difficult for babies under 3 months old to metabolise; used in sweets, dressings, soft drinks (sometimes beer), infant formulas and confectionary.
Derived from milk (lactic acid); may contain pork rennin or whey in process, young children with lactose intolerance may show adverse reactions. Found in biscuits, cheese, confectionary, wide range of foods. TOP |
330
E330 |
Citric acid |
Food acid, naturally derived from citrus fruit, used in biscuits, canned fish, cheese and processed cheese products, infant formulas, cake and soup mixes, rye bread, soft drinks, fermented meat products. Damages tooth enamel.
Most citric acid is produced from corn, manufacturers do not always take out the protein which can be hydrolysed and create MSG (621) causing reactions in MSG-sensitive people.
TOP |
331
E331 |
Sodium citrates |
Food acid, emulsifier; no known adverse effects. Cheese, cream, wide range of foods, many as in 330.
TOP |
332
E332 |
Potassium citrates
(monopotassium, tripotassium) |
Synthetic food acid; no known adverse effects. Leaves body rapidly in urine. Has alkaline effect. May cause mouth ulcers. In artificially sweetened jelly and confectionary. Many of 330
TOP |
333
E333 |
Calcium citrates |
Food acid; no known adverse effects in small quantities. Retains firmness in processed lima beans, tomatoes, peppers and potatoes. In tinned vegetables and many of 330. Wide range of foods.
TOP |
334
E334 |
Tartaric acid |
Food acid, obtained from unripe fruit, grape juice;
no known adverse effects in small quantities. Found in baking powder, chewing gum, all types of foods and drinks
TOP |
335
E335 |
Sodium tartrates |
Food acid. People with cardiac failure, high blood pressure, damaged liver or kidneys, and fluid retention. Found in most types of foods.
TOP |
336
E336 |
Potassium tartrates |
Food acid. People with cardiac failure, high blood pressure, damaged liver or kidneys, and fluid retention. Found in most types of foods.
TOP |
337 |
Potassium sodium tartrate
|
Food acid. People with cardiac failure, high blood pressure, damaged liver or kidneys, and fluid retention. Found in most types of foods.
TOP |
E337 |
Sodium potassium tartrate |
Food acid. People with cardiac failure, high blood pressure, damaged liver or kidneys, and fluid retention. Found in most types of foods.
TOP |
338
E338 |
Phosphoric acid |
Food acid, derived from phosphate ore; used in cheese products. Too much in diet leads to loss of calcium in bones and onset of osteoporosis.
In fizzy drinks it allows more carbon dioxide concentration without bottle burst. Soft drinks, beer, cheese products, snacks, and most processed foods.
TOP |
339
E339 |
Sodium phosphates |
Mineral salt, used as a laxative and a fixing agent in textile dyeing; high intakes may upset the calcium/phosphorus equilibrium.
See 338. Phosphoric acid.
Food acid, derived from phosphate ore; used in cheese products. Too much in diet leads to loss of calcium in bones and onset of osteoporosis.
In fizzy drinks it allows more carbon dioxide concentration without bottle burst. Soft drinks, beer, cheese products, snacks, and most processed foods.
TOP |
340
E340 |
Potassium phosphates |
See 339 plus coffee whitener.
TOP |
340 |
Ammonium phosphates |
No known adverse effects.
TOP |
341
E341@ |
Calcium phosphates |
Mineral salt found in rocks and bones; used in medicines as an antacid and polishing agent in enamels and as baking agent. In some self raising flours.
TOP |
343
E343 |
Magnesium phosphates |
Essential mineral, anticaking agent found in salt substitutes, sweetened coconut and prepared mustard.
TOP |
350 |
Sodium malates
(DL-Sodium hydrogen malate) |
Sodium salt of malic acid. Flavouring buffer and seasoning agent. Sweetened coconut, low salt substitute, all fruit drinks, soft drinks, dairy blendNo known adverse effects.
See 296. Malic Acid, DL-Malic Acid.
Derived from fruit or synthetic; infants and young children should avoid it. Found in potato snacks, confectionary, spaghetti sauce, frozen vegetables, tinned tomatoes.
TOP |
E350 |
Sodium malates
(Sodium hydrogen malate) |
No known adverse effects.
Sodium salt of malic acid. Flavouring buffer and seasoning agent. Sweetened coconut, low salt substitute, all fruit drinks, soft drinks, dairy blendNo known adverse effects.
Derived from fruit or synthetic; infants and young children should avoid it. Found in potato snacks, confectionary, spaghetti sauce, frozen vegetables, tinned tomatoes.
TOP
|
351
E351 |
Potassium malate |
No known adverse effects.
Sodium salt of malic acid. Flavouring buffer and seasoning agent. Sweetened coconut, low salt substitute, all fruit drinks, soft drinks, dairy blendNo known adverse effects.
Derived from fruit or synthetic; infants and young children should avoid it. Found in potato snacks, confectionary, spaghetti sauce, frozen vegetables, tinned tomatoes.
TOP |
352 |
DL-Calcium malate |
No known adverse effects.
Sodium salt of malic acid. Flavouring buffer and seasoning agent. Sweetened coconut, low salt substitute, all fruit drinks, soft drinks, dairy blendNo known adverse effects.
Derived from fruit or synthetic; infants and young children should avoid it. Found in potato snacks, confectionary, spaghetti sauce, frozen vegetables, tinned tomatoes.
TOP |
E352 |
Calcium malates |
No known adverse effects.
Sodium salt of malic acid. Flavouring buffer and seasoning agent. Sweetened coconut, low salt substitute, all fruit drinks, soft drinks, dairy blendNo known adverse effects.
Derived from fruit or synthetic; infants and young children should avoid it. Found in potato snacks, confectionary, spaghetti sauce, frozen vegetables, tinned tomatoes.
TOP |
353
E353 |
Metatartaric acid |
No known adverse effects. Used to precipitate excess calcium in wine making.
TOP |
354
E354 |
Calcium tartrate |
Calcium salt of tartaric acid. Seems safe. Food acid and modifying agent in infant foods.
TOP |
355
E355 |
Adipic acid |
Synthetic food acid from nitric acid or from the beet root. Only a small amount can be metabolised by humans and is listed as having teratogenic properties.
Eye irritant. Firming and raising agent used in baking powder, beer, all fruit drinks, jams, pudding mixes, ice blocks, margarine, etc.
TOP |
357
E357 |
Potassium adipose |
Potassium salt of adipic acid. Firming and raising agent in baked goods, beer, chewing gum, all drinks, desserts. No known adverse effects
TOP |
363
E363 |
Succinic acid |
Banned in Australia. Naturally occurring in some animals and plants. Avoid it. Powdered drinks, puddings and soups (but used in medicine(?))
TOP |
365
E365 |
Sodium fumarate |
Food acid, salt of fumaric acid (derived from plants of the genus Fumaria esp. F.officianalis). strengthens bread dough in bread machinery, gives even grain and greater volume. In dried, liquid, or frozen egg whites and artificial whipped cream. No known adverse affects.
TOP |
366
E366 |
Potassium fumarate |
Salt of fumaric acid. Food acid. No known adverse effects. Regulates acidity in jams, makes gelatine set.
TOP |
367
E367 |
Calcium fumarate |
Salt of fumaric acid. Food acid. No known adverse effects.
See 366
Salt of fumaric acid. Food acid. No known adverse effects. Regulates acidity in jams, makes gelatine set.
TOP |
370
E370 |
1,4-Heptonolactone |
Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Powdered dessert and dried soup.
TOP |
375
E375 |
Niacin |
Vitamin B3.
TOP |
380 |
Ammonium citrates |
Food acid. May interfere with liver and pancreas function.
TOP |
E380 |
Tri-ammonium citrate |
Food acid. May interfere with liver and pancreas function.
TOP |
381 |
Ferric ammonium citrates |
Food acid. Essential mineral, food acid derived from citric acid; used as a dietary iron supplement in breakfast cereals and dietary formulas. Unsafe in large amounts.
TOP |
E381 |
Ammonium ferric citrates |
Food acid. Essential mineral, food acid derived from citric acid; used as a dietary iron supplement in breakfast cereals and dietary formulas. Unsafe in large amounts.
TOP |
385
E385 |
Calcium disodium (EDTA) ethylene diamine tetraacetate |
Synthetic flavour, texture retainer, anti-gushing agent in beer, preservative, sequestrant and colour promoter. Causes mineral imbalance. Known enzyme and blood coagulant inhibitor.
Gastrointestinal disturbances, blood in urine, kidney damage and muscle cramps are side effects. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Watch for imported goods. Canned soft drink, tinned white potatoes, salad dressings, egg products, oleomargarine, potato salad, lima beans, mushrooms, pecan pie filling, sandwich spreads
TOP |
|
NAME
|
NUMBER
|
COMMENTS |
400
E400 |
Alginic acid |
Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; artificial sweetener base, used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, pastry, jelly, ice cream, cheese, confectionary, canned icing, beer thickened cream and yoghurt. No known adverse effects in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients. The algae extract is called 'Carrageenan' (407).
TOP |
401
E401 |
Sodium alginate |
Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; artificial sweetener base, used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, pastry, jelly, ice cream, cheese, confectionary, canned icing, beer thickened cream and yoghurt. No known adverse effects in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients. The algae extract is called 'Carrageenan' (407).
TOP |
402
E402 |
Potassium alginate |
Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; artificial sweetener base, used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, pastry, jelly, ice cream, cheese, confectionary, canned icing, beer thickened cream and yoghurt. No known adverse effects in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients. The algae extract is called 'Carrageenan' (407).
TOP |
403
E403 |
Ammonium alginate |
Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; artificial sweetener base, used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, pastry, jelly, ice cream, cheese, confectionary, canned icing, beer thickened cream and yoghurt. No known adverse effects in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients. The algae extract is called 'Carrageenan' (407).
TOP |
404
E404 |
Calcium alginate |
Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; artificial sweetener base, used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, pastry, jelly, ice cream, cheese, confectionary, canned icing, beer thickened cream and yoghurt. No known adverse effects in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients. The algae extract is called 'Carrageenan' (407).
TOP |
405
E405 |
Propylene glycol alginate |
Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from petroleum. Artificial sweetener base, preservative, used in germicides, paint remover and antifreeze. Allergic reactions but not enough tests done.
See 1520 (propylene glycol).
Humectant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, radiator anti-freeze, petroleum based; its glycerine like taste has made it popular for children's medications and other elixirs; used in many toothpastes, topical creams and ointments, in cosmetics, hair products and deodorants, artificial sweetener bases, liquid food colour, essences, sweetened coconut, chewing gum, chocolates.
Total recall of all medications in USA (if you still have some old ones, throw them out!) and has been linked with fatal heart attacks (when given intravenously), central nervous system depression and cosmetic or pharmaceutical contact dermatitis. Suspected as a neurotoxic hazard. Material Data Safety Sheets recommend not have dermal contact, wear rubber gloves.
TOP |
405
E405 |
Propane-1,2-diol alginate |
Propylene ester of alginic acid. Emulsifier, stabiliser.
Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from petroleum. Artificial sweetener base, preservative, used in germicides, paint remover and antifreeze. Allergic reactions but not enough tests done.
See 1520 (propylene glycol).
Humectant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, radiator anti-freeze, petroleum based; its glycerine like taste has made it popular for children's medications and other elixirs; used in many toothpastes, topical creams and ointments, in cosmetics, hair products and deodorants, artificial sweetener bases, liquid food colour, essences, sweetened coconut, chewing gum, chocolates.
Total recall of all medications in USA (if you still have some old ones, throw them out!) and has been linked with fatal heart attacks (when given intravenously), central nervous system depression and cosmetic or pharmaceutical contact dermatitis. Suspected as a neurotoxic hazard. Material Data Safety Sheets recommend not have dermal contact, wear rubber gloves.
TOP |
406
E406 |
Agar agar |
Thickener and vegetable gum derived from red seaweed; sometimes used as a laxative, found in manufactured meats and ice cream.
TOP |
407
E407 |
Carrageenan
'Irish Moss' |
Fibre extracted from seaweed, used as a setting agent. It has recently been linked with cancer because it may become contaminated when ethylene oxide is added to an inferior product, this results in ethylene chlorohydrin forming, a highly carcinogenic compound; linked to toxic hazards, including ulcers and cancer; the most serious concerns relate to degraded carrageenan, which is not a permitted additive; however, native carrageenan, which is used, may become degraded in the gut.
Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; artificial sweetener base, used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, pastry, jelly, ice cream, cheese, confectionary, canned icing, beer thickened cream and yoghurt. No known adverse effects in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients. The algae extract is called 'Carrageenan' (407).
TOP |
407 |
Processed euchuema seaweed |
Fibre extracted from seaweed. See 407.
TOP |
409 |
Aribinogalactan
Larch Gum |
Thickener and vegetable gum.
TOP |
410
E410 |
Locust bean gum |
Derived from Carob or Locust bean tree Ceratonia siliqua. As a thickener, vegetable gum, artificial sweetener base, modifying agent or stabiliser, it is used in lollies, cordials, essences, some flour products, dressings, fruit juice drinks; frequently used as a caffeine-free chocolate substitute; may lower cholesterol levels.
TOP |
412
E412 |
Guar gum |
Derived from the Seeds of Cyamoposis tetragonolobus of Indian origin; fed to cattle in the US; can cause nausea, flatulence and cramps, may reduced cholesterol levels.
Derived from Carob or Locust bean tree Ceratonia siliqua. As a thickener, vegetable gum, artificial sweetener base, modifying agent or stabiliser, it is used in lollies, cordials, essences, some flour products, dressings, fruit juice drinks; frequently used as a caffeine-free chocolate substitute; may lower cholesterol levels.
TOP |
413
E413 |
Tragacanth |
Resin form the tree Astragalus gummifer; used in foods, drugs including nasal solutions, elixirs and tablets; also used as a binder in cosmetics; possible contact allergy. Can cause asthma attacks, diarrhoea, gas, constipation and skin rashes.
Derived from Carob or Locust bean tree Ceratonia siliqua. As a thickener, vegetable gum, artificial sweetener base, modifying agent or stabiliser, it is used in lollies, cordials, essences, some flour products, dressings, fruit juice drinks; frequently used as a caffeine-free chocolate substitute; may lower cholesterol levels.
TOP |
414 |
Acacia Gum,
Gum Arabic |
Derived from the sap of Acacia Sengal; easily broken down by the human digestive system; possible allergen, and may cause asthma and skin rash. Soothes irritations of mucous membranes.
Derived from Carob or Locust bean tree Ceratonia siliqua. As a thickener, vegetable gum, artificial sweetener base, modifying agent or stabiliser, it is used in lollies, cordials, essences, some flour products, dressings, fruit juice drinks; frequently used as a caffeine-free chocolate substitute; may lower cholesterol levels.
TOP |
415
E415 |
Xanthin gum |
Derived from the fermentation of corn sugar with a bacterium. Improves 'flow'. No know affects.
Derived from Carob or Locust bean tree Ceratonia siliqua. As a thickener, vegetable gum, artificial sweetener base, modifying agent or stabiliser, it is used in lollies, cordials, essences, some flour products, dressings, fruit juice drinks; frequently used as a caffeine-free chocolate substitute; may lower cholesterol levels.
TOP |
416
E416 |
Karaya gum |
Derived from the tree Sterculia urens; often used in conjunction with Carob (410), in ice cream, custard and sweets, as a filler for its capability to multiply its volume by 100 times with the addition of water, can be used as a laxative; possible allergen and in powdered form causes asthma, urticarisa, rhinitis, and dermatitis.
Derived from Carob or Locust bean tree Ceratonia siliqua. As a thickener, vegetable gum, artificial sweetener base, modifying agent or stabiliser, it is used in lollies, cordials, essences, some flour products, dressings, fruit juice drinks; frequently used as a caffeine-free chocolate substitute; may lower cholesterol levels.
TOP |
E417 |
Tara gum
Karaya gum |
Stabiliser. No known side effects, powdered form may cause allergies. Used in ice-cream and cosmetics.
Derived from Carob or Locust bean tree Ceratonia siliqua. As a thickener, vegetable gum, artificial sweetener base, modifying agent or stabiliser, it is used in lollies, cordials, essences, some flour products, dressings, fruit juice drinks; frequently used as a caffeine-free chocolate substitute; may lower cholesterol levels.
TOP |
420
E420 |
Sorbitol
(Sorbitol syrup) |
Artificial sweetener and humectant; derived from glucose, either obtained from berries of the Sorbus aucuparia tree or synthesised; used in confectionary, dried fruit, pastries, low calorie foods, pharmaceutical syrups and ophthalmic preparations and is the seventh most widely used preservative in cosmetics; not permitted in foods for infants and young children, can cause gastric disturbance. Four pieces of low-joule chewing gum can make a child seriously ill. Not recommended for diabetics or people with fructose intolerance.
TOP |
421
E421 |
Mannitol |
Artificial sweetener and humectant; derived from seaweed or the manna ash tree; possible allergen, not permitted in infant foods due to its ability to cause diarrhoea and kidney dysfunction, also may cause nausea, vomiting; typical products are low calorie foods, mustard, puddings, sauces, frozen fish.
TOP |
422@ |
Glycerol |
Humectant and sweetener; oily colourless alcohol; derived by decomposition of natural fats with alkalis; usually as a by-product of soap making using animal fat or vegetable oil; can be obtained from petroleum products sometimes synthesised from propylene or fermented from sugar; used in flexible coatings on sausages and cheeses, also in crystallised and dried fruit, liqueurs and vodka, marshmallows, soft drinks, desserts, confectionary, tooth paste, etc. "Glycerine has been shown to protect against DNA damage induced by tumour promoters, ultraviolet lights and radiation, presumably via free radical scavenging"; large quantities can cause headaches, thirst, nausea and high blood sugar levels.
TOP |
E425 |
Konjac
Konjac gum |
Gelling agent, emulsifier, stabiliser. No established daily intake recommendation.
TOP |
E430@ |
Polyoxyethylene (8) Sterate
Polyoxyl 8 stearate |
Emulsifier, stabiliser. Potentially cancer-inciting.
Gelling agent, emulsifier, stabiliser. No established daily intake recommendation.
TOP |
E431@ |
Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate |
Emulsifier. Skin allergy in some people. Potentially cancer-inciting.
TOP |
E432@ |
Polysorbate 20 |
Banned in Australia. Emulsifier, stabiliser in a large range of foods including chewing gum. Causes fat absorption. Potentially cancer-inciting. Avoid it.
TOP |
433
E433@ |
Polysorbate 80
Polyoxethylene sorbitan mono-oleate |
Emulsifiers derived from animal fatty acids; used as synthetic flavourings, surfactants, defoaming agents and dough conditioners; may increase the absorption of fat-soluble substances. Possible cancer causing.
Banned in Australia. Emulsifier, stabiliser in a large range of foods including chewing gum. Causes fat absorption. Potentially cancer-inciting. Avoid it.
TOP |
E434@ |
Polyoxethylene sorbitan monopalminate
Polysorbate 40
|
Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Possible cancer causing.
Banned in Australia. Emulsifier, stabiliser in a large range of foods including chewing gum. Causes fat absorption. Potentially cancer-inciting. Avoid it.
TOP |
435@ |
Polyoxethylene sorbitan monostearate
Polysorbate 60 |
Found in every kind of food.
Banned in Australia. Emulsifier, stabiliser in a large range of foods including chewing gum. Causes fat absorption. Potentially cancer-inciting. Avoid it.
TOP |
436@ |
Polysorbate 65 |
Found in every kind of food.
Banned in Australia. Emulsifier, stabiliser in a large range of foods including chewing gum. Causes fat absorption. Potentially cancer-inciting. Avoid it.
TOP |
440(a)
E440(a) |
Pectin |
Naturally occurring in the skins of apples; used to thicken jams, jellies and sauces; large quantities may cause temporary flatulence or intestinal discomfort.
TOP |
E440(b) |
Amidated pectin |
No known adverse effects. Treated with ammonia.
Naturally occurring in the skins of apples; used to thicken jams, jellies and sauces; large quantities may cause temporary flatulence or intestinal discomfort.
TOP |
441
E441@ |
Gelatine |
Made from collagen from boiled down animal parts. In a huge range of foods and in some vaccines. Possible allergen, may contain 220 (sulphur dioxide), asthmatics and people allergic to sulphites beware! Classified as a food not an additive.
Gelatine is now classed as a food in its own right and not now subject to the food additives legislation in Europe.
Vegetarians should note that it is obtained, by hydrolysis, from collagen, a protein that gives strength and support to tissues and organs, and is the main constituent of connective tissue in all animals.
Gelatine for food use was normally obtained from pigskins, sometimes cattle hides, whereas that for more expensive uses, such as photographic and pharmaceutical uses, is generally obtained from cattle bones, (a more complex and costly process of extraction is needed for bones).However in a move to get away from porcine and bovine gelatine, more use is now being made of fish gelatine.
More gelatine is sold to the food industry than any other gelling agent and it can be found in chilled dairy products, confectionery, jellies and meat products
TOP |
442
E442 |
Ammonium phosphatides |
Phosphates can leach calcium from the body. No known adverse effects. Emulsifier, stabiliser.
Emulsifiers derived from animal fatty acids; used as synthetic flavourings, surfactants, defoaming agents and dough conditioners; may increase the absorption of fat-soluble substances. Possible cancer causing.
Banned in Australia. Emulsifier, stabiliser in a large range of foods including chewing gum. Causes fat absorption. Potentially cancer-inciting. Avoid it.
TOP |
E445 |
Glycerol esters of wood rosins |
An emulsifier and stabiliser used in the soft drinks industry.
Obtained by solvent extraction of pure stump wood (wood resin).
High intakes may upset the calcium/phosphate equilibrium, headaches, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness and mental confusion.
TOP |
450 |
Sodium and potassium pyrophosphates |
Emulsifying salts under many names. High intakes may upset the digestion with disturbances of the blockage of some enzymes. High intakes may upset the calcium/phosphate equilibrium.
TOP |
E450 |
Diphosphates |
Emulsifiers, stabiliser. High intakes may upset the calcium/phosphate equilibrium.
TOP |
450(a) |
Ammonium phosphate,
diabasic and monobasic |
Mineral salt, buffer used with baking powders and salt substitutes.
TOP |
451 |
Sodium and potassium triphosphate |
Mineral salt. Safe, but is known to cause nausea, diarrhoea, lowering of blood pressure, cyanosis and muscle spasms in large quantities.
TOP |
E451 |
Triphosphate |
Mineral salt. Safe, but is known to cause nausea, diarrhoea, lowering of blood pressure, cyanosis and muscle spasms in large quantities.
TOP |
452 |
Sodium and potassium polyphosphates |
Food acid, derived from phosphate ore; used in cheese products. Too much in diet leads to loss of calcium in bones and onset of osteoporosis.
In fizzy drinks it allows more carbon dioxide concentration without bottle burst. Soft drinks, beer, cheese products, snacks, and most processed foods.
TOP |
E452 |
Polyphosphates |
Food acid, derived from phosphate ore; used in cheese products. Too much in diet leads to loss of calcium in bones and onset of osteoporosis.
In fizzy drinks it allows more carbon dioxide concentration without bottle burst. Soft drinks, beer, cheese products, snacks, and most processed foods.
TOP |
460
E460 |
Cellulose
microcrystalline and powdered |
Crystalline or powdered form of walls of plant cells. Anti-caking agent and base for tablets; no adverse effects known, non-nutritive.
TOP |
461
E461 |
Methyl cellulose |
From plant cellulose. Thickener, emulsifier in baked food, diabetic food, soft and fizzy drinks, jelly, jam and many of 410. Can cause flatulence, distension, intestinal obstruction.
TOP |
E463 |
Hydroxypropyl cellulose |
A semisynthetic compound derived from cellulose, the woody material produced by plants.
Thickener, emulsifier in salad dressings. Banned in Australia. Avoid it.
TOP |
464
E464 |
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose |
A semisynthetic compound derived from cellulose, the woody material produced by plants.
Thickener, emulsifier. No known adverse effects.
TOP |
465
E465 |
Ethyl methyl cellulose |
Thickener, emulsifier made from cellulose/vegetable gum for imitation cream and imitation ice cream. No known adverse effects.
TOP |
466
E466 |
Carboxymethylcellulose, |
Food-grade and industrial-grade CMC Gum is also known as cellulose gum. It is
derived from purified cellulose such as cotton linters.
Thickener, emulsifier from cellulose. No known adverse effects but it could be produced from genetically engineered cotton plants. Known to cause cancer when ingested by test animals.
TOP |
E466 |
Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose |
Food-grade and industrial-grade CMC Gum is also known as cellulose gum. It is
derived from purified cellulose such as cotton linters.
Thickener, emulsifier. National Cancer Institute of America states it "should be forbidden as a food additive. See 466.
TOP |
E469 |
Sodium caseinate |
Emulsifier, mineral salt made from casein in cow's milk for thickener and beverage whitener, dessert mixes, reduced cream whip. No known adverse effects.
TOP |
470 |
Magnesium stearate |
No known effects for food use. Emulsifier, stabiliser, artificial sweetener, anti-caking and release agent.
TOP |
E470@ |
Sodium, potassiium and calcium salts of fatty acids |
Banned in Australia. Anti-caking agent, emulsifier, stabiliser. Can cause gastric upsets.
TOP |
471
E471@ |
Mono and di glycerides of fatty acids |
Manufactured from glycerin (see E422) and fatty acids, these are normally obtained from hydrogenated soya bean oil and as such may be genetically modified.
Used where the foaming power of egg protein needs to be retained in the presence of fat and in baked goods as an 'anti-staling' agent where it prevents the loss of water from starches
Emulsifier and modifying agent made from glycerine and fatty acids for use in baked goods, all types of dairy foods, margarine and ice cream. No known adverse effects.
TOP |
472(a)@ |
Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol |
Prepared from mixing esters of glycerol (see E422) with edible fats and acetic acid (see E260).
Occurs in fruit skins and nuts. Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and lubricant. Used in high fat bread, edible fats, whipped fats and meat products. No known adverse effects, but less frequently it may cause diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness and mental confusion.
TOP |
E472(a)@ |
Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids |
Prepared from mixing esters of glycerol (see E422) with edible fats and acetic acid (see E260).
Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and lubricant. Used in high fat bread, edible fats, whipped fats and meat products. No known adverse effects, but less frequently it may cause diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness and mental confusion.
TOP |
472(b)@ |
Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol |
Esters of mono and diglycerides (also see E472a, E472c and E472e) are widely used especially in fats, bakery products & whipped toppings
Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and lubricant. No known adverse effects, but less frequently it may cause diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness and mental confusion.
TOP |
E472(b)@ |
Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids |
Esters of mono and diglycerides (also see E472a, E472c and E472e) are widely used especially in fats, bakery products & whipped toppings.
Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and lubricant. No known adverse effects, but less frequently it may cause diarrhoea, theist, dizziness and mental confusion.
TOP |
472(c)@ |
Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol |
Citrated mono and diglycerides are formed by esterifying the hydroxyl groups of mono and diglycerides. Used as an emulsifier.
A substitute for lecithin (E322) in various applications
Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and lubricant. No known adverse effects, but less frequently it may cause diarrhoea, theist, dizziness and mental confusion. See 330.
TOP |
E472(c)@ |
Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids |
Citrated mono and diglycerides are formed by esterifying the hydroxyl groups of mono and diglycerides. Used as an emulsifier.
A substitute for lecithin (E322) in various applications.
Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and lubricant. No known adverse effects, but less frequently it may cause diarrhoea, theist, dizziness and mental confusion.
TOP |
472(d) |
Tartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol |
See tartaric acid 334.
Food acid, obtained from unripe fruit, grape juice;
no known adverse effects in small quantities. Found in baking powder, chewing gum, all types of foods and drinks
TOP |
472(e) |
Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol |
See acetic acid 260.
Food acid, obtained from unripe fruit, grape juice;
no known adverse effects in small quantities. Found in baking powder, chewing gum, all types of foods and drinks
TOP |
473
E473@ |
Sucrose esters of fatty acids |
Emulsifier and modifying agent. May cause stomach pain, nausea, bloating, diarrhoea. May contain residues of solvents used in making. See 471
TOP |
E474@ |
Sucroglycerides |
Sucroglycerides are obtained by reacting sucrose with an edible fat or oil with or without the presence of a solvent. They consist of a mixture of mono and di-esters of sucrose and fatty acids together with mono-, di- and triglycerides from the fat or oil.
Only the following solvents may be used in the production: dimethyl formamide, cyclohexane, isobutanol, isopropanol and ethyl acetate.
Avoid it. Not registered for use in Australia.
TOP |
475
E475@ |
Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids |
Emulsifier, stabiliser made from fats and oils of either animal or vegetable. Used in cakes, dairy and imitation dairy products. No known adverse effects.
TOP |
476
E476@ |
Polyglycerol esters of interesterified ricinoliec acid |
Also known as 'polyglycerol esters of polycondensed fatty acids of castor oil' as it is produced from castor oil and glycerol esters (see E422).It is used to help reduce the viscosity of molten chocolate, so improving the fluidity and enabling thinner coatings. Also helps chocolate set where water is present e.g. chocolate ice creams. Often used in conjunction with Lecithin (E322).
Vegetarians should note that although industrial manufacturing based on propylene or sugar accounts for a large percentage of glycerol production it can be obtained as a by-product in making soap from animal and vegetable fats and oils.
Emulsifier, stabiliser made from caster oil and glycerol esters allowing chocolate coating to be spread more thinly to save costs. No known adverse effects.
TOP |
477@ |
Propylene glycol mono- and di-esters |
Emulsifier, stabiliser. Derived from petroleum; no known adverse effects. Used in confectionary, soft and fizzy drinks, toppings, ice cream, processed meat.
Vegetarians beware - can be of animal origin.
Avoid it.
TOP |
E477@ |
Propane-1, 2-Diol esters of fatty acids |
Emulsifier, stabiliser. Derived from petroleum; no known adverse effects. Avoid it.
TOP |
E478@ |
Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propane-1, 2-diol |
Emulsifier, stabiliser, whipping agent, plasticiser and surface active agents. May cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, diarrhoea, theist, dizziness and mental confusion. Avoid it.
TOP |
E479(b)@ |
Thermally oxidized soy bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids |
?
TOP |
480
E480 |
Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate |
Awaiting results of safety studies. Emulsifier, wetting agent with detergent and dispersant properties. Helps syrup stay evenly spread through a product, dairy products, edible gums, soft drinks, cordials, syrups.
TOP |
481
E481@ |
Sodium oleyl or stearoyl lactylate
stearoyl-2-lactylate |
Flour treatment stabiliser, emulsifier to make it able to retain shape after going through the machinery. No known adverse effects.
TOP |
482
E482@ |
Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate |
Similar to E481 but with calcium as the added mineral instead of sodium.
Lactic acid in commercial food is produced either by chemical synthesis or from bacterial fermentation of a carbohydrate such as corn sugar. It is considered safe for a milk allergic individual.
Used as a conditioner in dehydrated potatoes (instant mashed potatoes) and helps to prevent staleing in bread.
No known adverse effects
Flour treatment stabiliser, emulsifier. No known adverse effects, waiting for test results. See 481.
TOP |
E483@ |
Stearyl tartrate |
Emulsifier, stabiliser. Banned in Australia. Avoid it.
TOP |
491
E491@ |
Sorbitan monostearate |
Emulsifier, sweetener, thickener, retains moisture, modifying agent. No known adverse effects.
TOP |
492
E492@ |
Sorbitan tristearate
Span 65 |
A semisynthetic compound derived from simple sugars and fatty acids. Produced by the reaction of sorbitol and stearic acid, sorbitan monostearate is the only sorbitan ester approved for food use.
Emulsifier, stabiliser. Only allowed in compounded chocolate. May increase the absorption of liquid paraffin and fat-soluble substances. Avoid it.
TOP |
493@
E493@ |
Sorbitan monolaurate
Span 20 |
Emulsifier, stabiliser stopping sugar mixes from foaming.
Banned in Australia.
Avoid it.
TOP |
494@
E494@ |
Sorbitan mono-oleate
Span 80 |
Emulsifier, stabiliser stopping yeast products foaming.
Banned in Australia.
Used in pharmaceuticals. Avoid it.
TOP |
495@
E495@ |
Sorbitan monopalmitate
Span 40 |
Emulsifier, stabiliser as alternative for 491.
Banned in Australia.
Avoid it.
TOP |
|